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![]() ![]() ![]() Hence, first-level entries should appear as central-aligned. Besides, one should use boldfaced letters. For example, the main words in this heading should begin with capital letters. In this case, one must follow the following rules of APA indentation and alignment for different heading levels.įirst-level heading – Students should use center alignment when writing the first-level entry. Basically, each title must have a unique alignment. APA Alignment and Indentation Format for HeadingsĪPA papers should have five heading levels. Hence, APA formatted papers should have a running head aligned to the left. Moreover, students must align the running head to the left margin. In this case, the phrase “Running head” should precede the shortened title. As a rule, one must include a header containing a summary of the paper’s title. The title page of an APA paper should have a running head on the margin. Hence, APA formatted papers should have a title page with centrally-aligned details. In turn, one should align these details to the center of the page. Then, other details, like the author’s name, institution, and data, should follow the heading. For instance, the paper’s title should begin approximately six spaces from the article’s top margin. The title page of an APA style paper should have centered details. Hence, one must align each section to the left margin. Also, the uniform margin plays a crucial role in ensuring that one aligns the paragraphs correctly. Then, one should note that papers formatted in APA should have a 1-inch margin all around. Besides, the sentences should appear as lagged to the right margin. For instance, the text should align with the left margin. In turn, subsequent lines should begin at the first margin.Įach paragraph should have a left alignment in APA. As a rule in APA, the writer must indent the first line 0.5 inches. Basically, each passage should have the first line as unique. ParagraphsĮach paragraph should begin at 0.5 inches from the left margin. Therefore, an APA paper has a distinct rule for formatting and indenting, enhancing the essay’s superiority and readability.Īlignment and Indentation Rules in APA 1. In turn, indentations help writers to present different heading levels and mark the beginning of each passage. On the other hand, indentation refers to the distance from the left margin to headings or line paragraphs. For example, this method leaves the right margin ragged or uneven. In practice, one should align the text to the left when formatting in APA. Also, some types of adjustments include left, right, center, and justified. ![]() In this case, alignment refers to how a paragraph aligns with page margins. Basically, well-formatted papers appeal to readers and motivate them to interact with the content. General Guidelines for APA Alignment and Indentationįormatting rules of APA alignment and indentation help to improve the essay’s appearance and readability. ![]() Besides, titles “references” and “appendices” should appear centered on a new page by considering the rules of APA alignment and indentation. In turn, this strategy helps to marks the beginning of new passages in the indented quote. However, the first line of second and subsequent paragraphs in a block quote should begin at 1 inch from the left margin. Besides, students must indent a block quote at 0.5 inches from the left margin. Further on, subsequent titles, third- to fifth-levels, must start at 0.5 inches from the left margin. Then, details on the cover page should have an axial alignment. Also, first-level headings should have a center-alignment format, while second-level ones should begin at the left margin. Moreover, the following lines must begin at the left margin. As a rule, each paragraph’s first line should have a 0.5-inch indentation from the left margin. Basically, a writer must use the correct indentation when presenting different heading levels or marking each passage’s beginning. Indentation and alignment in APA play a significant role in improving the readability of academic papers. Sign in to your account to gain access to orders. ![]() ![]() ‘Quicksand’ starts in a very plain almost Neil Young type of way, with a wispy vocal melody that brings to mind the voice of Ray Davies of the Kinks. ‘Quicksand’ ends side one of the album – the songs preceding it, leaving the listener almost breathless with the skill and scope of the songs. ‘After all’ is one of Bowie’s more enigmatic and compelling songs.īowie has said that on Hunky Dory he wanted to really prove himself as a songwriter and in many ways it is his most songwriterly album, with ‘Life on Mars’ of course, being the show stopping centrepiece. Bowie also foreshadows his glam rock persona in the lyrics ‘we’re painting our faces and dressing in thoughts from the sky’. One of his most intimate vocals, Bowie intones a tune that is very Jacques Brel in its mood and has a pessimistic air about it with enigmatic lyrics that paraphrase Aleister Crowley. ![]() This weird waltz time song from ‘The man who sold the world’ conjures a spellbinding atmosphere, as Bowie casually strums a chord pattern that moves up the scale to a minor chord resolution that again, resolves nothing, as Bowie appears trapped in the endless cycle of the harmonic structure. ‘After All’ (‘The man who sold the world’, 1970) Indeed, this song could easily have been covered by Scott and one can’t but help wonder if it ever crossed Bowie’s mind too? Bowie also had another influence to colour his music – Scott Walker – whose solo albums Bowie was a big fan of. This is a song by an artist eager to be seen as someone who can write songs that expand on the pop form into conceptual ideas – a very post Sgt.Pepper thing. Orchestration – somewhat over-ornate in places – ‘answers’ Bowie’s strident melody in a voice that can be called ‘actorly’. ‘The wild eyed boy from freecloud’ showcases Bowie’s exploration with different shifts of mood. Indeed, you can imagine this song as part of a West End show – something that Bowie had entertained the thought of at the time, claiming to be a writer rather than merely a singer and keen to not be seen as just another singer songwriter in the Paul Simon mould. ![]() ‘Space Oddity’ was of course a great song, but let’s focus on other lesser-known songs that show Bowie’s rapid development as a songwriter from that album of the same name (actually called ‘Man or words, man of music’ at the time)Īnother ‘story song’, this song has a magical atmosphere to it, a kind of charming naiveté with a stagey sense of drama that would become part of the Bowie palette as a songwriter. ![]() ‘Wild eyed boy from freecloud’ (‘Space oddity’, 1969) Bowie piles on the pathos in his best ‘Anthony Newley’ voice as the melody moves up to the climax of the song, perfectly complemented by a woodwind arrangement that mirrors and reinforces the despairing mood of this remarkable song. Writer Charles Shaar Murray called this song Bowie’s ‘first great song’ and I am inclined to agree with him. This is a theme explored in films like ‘Georgy Girl’ and ‘The Knack (and how to get it)’ ![]() Lots of young people poured into the capital in the 60s, looking for a taste of the fab life. Bowie’s emerging skill as a storyteller is evident here – about a young man who goes to London for the bright lights and thrills and ends up disillusioned. The lyrics are somewhat perfunctory to the melody, but get the message across – a little bit of kitchen sink melodrama from Bowie.īowie struck out solo on this incredible one off song that has a unique ‘lonely city’ atmosphere about it. The song shows that Bowie was a quirky songwriter from early on, with a good instinct for interesting song structures. The chord patterns or harmony of the song change from major to minor –rather like the Beatles ‘I’ll be back’ -and end up in unconventional places, before finally resolving the tension on the chorus, which is a Mod/Soul cry from Bowie, in his best ‘R’n’B’ voice. It is of course locked into its period, has a ‘swinging London’ vibe about it, but this song shows how easily Bowie could mimic a certain type of pop style. Only 19 at the time, this early Bowie song is a little gem. ‘Can’t help thinking about me’– David Bowie with the Lower Third (1966) ![]() ![]() ![]() The USB 3.0 specification defined a new architecture and protocol, named SuperSpeed (aka SuperSpeed USB, marketed as SS), which included a new lane for a new signal coding scheme (8b/10b symbols, 5 Gbps also known as Gen 1) providing full-duplex data transfers that physically required five additional wires and pins, while preserving the USB 2.0-architectur and -protocols and therefore keeping the original 4 pins/wires for the USB 2.0 backward-compatibility resulting in 9 wires (with 9 or 10 pins at connector interfaces ID-pin is not wired) in total. Since the USB 1.1 specification fully replaces the USB 1.0 specification, and since the USB 3.2 specification fully replaces the USB 3.1 (and therefore the USB 3.0 specification as well), and since USB 2.0 is backward-compatible with USB 1.0/1.1, and since the USB 3.x specifications includes the USB 2.0 specification, and since USB4 "functionally replaces" the USB 3.2 specification "while retaining USB 2.0 bus operating in parallel", backward-compatibility is always given, but obviously always comes along with a decrease in, both, transfer rates and power rates, and less supported functionalities. It is reversible and can support various functionalities and protocols some are mandatory, many just optional, and depending on the type of the device: host, peripheral device, or hub. The USB Type-C connector interface is the newest and the only one applicable to USB4. The micro size is nowadays the most common for smartphones and tablets. The mini size was introduced for mobile devices, but it was replaced by the thinner micro size. The standard size is the largest and is mainly used for desktop and larger peripheral equipment. The A and B types know different sizes: Standard, Mini, and Micro. USB connector interfaces are classified into three types: A (host), B (peripheral), and C (2014, replaces A and B). Over the years USB(-PD) has been adopted as the standard power supply and charging format for many mobile devices, such as mobile phones, reducing the need for proprietary chargers. USB also provides power supply to peripheral devices the latest versions of the standard extend the power delivery limits for battery charging and devices requiring up to 240 watts ( USB Power Delivery (USB-PD)). Įach specification subversion supports different maximum data transfer speeds from 1.5 Mbit/s in USB 1.0 to 80 Gbit/s in USB4. USB4 particularly supports the tunneling of the Thunderbolt 3 protocols, namely PCI Express (PCIe, load/store interface) and DisplayPort. Since USB4 the specification enhances the data transfer and power supply functionality withĬonnection-oriented, tunneling architecture designed to combine multiple protocols onto a single physical interface, so that the total speed and performance of the USB4 Fabric can be dynamically shared. ![]() Īs of 2023, USB consists of four generations of specifications: USB 1.‘‘x’’, USB 2.0, USB 3.‘‘x’’, and USB4. It has become commonplace on a wide range of devices, such as keyboards, mice, cameras, printers, scanners, flash drives, smartphones, game consoles, and power banks. ![]() USB was designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to computers, replacing various interfaces such as serial ports, parallel ports, game ports, and ADB ports. keyboards and mobile devices, and intermediate hubs. Universal Serial Bus ( USB) is an industry standard that specifies the physical interfaces and protocols for connecting, data transferring and powering of hosts, such as personal computers, peripherals, e.g. Serial port, parallel port, game port, Apple Desktop Bus, PS/2 port, and FireWire (IEEE 1394) ![]() |
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